Category Archives: Rick Louie

Eclecticism

Hello my fellow music theory travelers. I wanted to take the opportunity afforded to me by Indaba Music to draw attention to a topic which often goes too unnoticed when younger or new musicians are trying to navigate their way through the musical jungle. While the following post is my opinion (and, beyond that, my personal philosophy), I firmly believe the message is sound. We live in a modern world. All the music you could ever hope to listen to is available at the click of a few buttons. While I’ll leave the implications this has on the wider world of the music business to the executives, I believe it has clear implications for the burgeoning composer.

Billy Pilgrim

For those of you who haven’t read Kurt Vonnegut’s seminal novel Slaughterhouse-5, I’ll attempt to briefly summarize. Billy Pilgrim is the hero, who travels (or seems to travel) elastically through time. At one point, he finds himself as an attraction in an extra-terrestrial zoo, where the ET’s explain that time has no meaning for them in the human sense, that they simply exist at all points in time simultaneously. In this sense, we exist in a musical atmosphere where all music past and present can be considered equal. At no other time but the modern age have you been able to listen to a Lil’ Wayne album and a Gregorian Chant album in succession so easily, literally at the click of a button. Undoubtedly, this has had a profound affect on how I treat my listening sessions, bouncing around from genre to genre.

Try to live, sonically, at all points of time simultaneously. Try to put aside your preconceived notions of Bach, or even Pérotin, being dated and listen to them as if they were created last year. Likewise, don’t shy away from Arcade Fire and Rick Ross because they don’t meet a western ideal of high art. I urge you, when approaching composition, to treat the sum of your influences equally as if they were all just created, as if time and music history doesn’t exist. Treating music as if it exists outside of a timeline will open up your ears and will guide your pen.

Nico Muhly

Composers, historically, have always bridged the gap between high art and the vernacular. In today’s world, the gap between high art and the vernacular is narrowing constantly.

Take modern composer Nico Muhly. Nico is a graduate of Colombia and Julliard, worked with Philip Glass, and has been commissioned by the Metropolitan Opera and the Royal Opera in London to write a new operatic work. He has several well regarded pieces to his name and has all the credentials to step upward in the traditional world of high art.

And yet, Nico is a child of the modern musical climate. He is plugged into the modern, vernacular world. Foul mouthed, a constant Twitterer, he spills his opinions about everything from Justin Bieber to M.I.A. to xylophone patterns. He has created gorgeous string arrangements for Grizzly Bear, and most recently, has created amazingly majestic arrangements for Jónsi’s (of Sigur Rós fame) newest album Go, with whom he toured playing keyboards and glockenspiel. He relishes the complicated music of the modern classical world, but doesn’t assume a Pierre Boulez additude, as he constantly touts the simple sonic eloquence of bands like Loney, Dear and isn’t above orchestrating Beyonce’s “Crazy in Love”.

Check out Nico’s piece “Mothertongue”; in a word, eclectic. Nico would be the first to say that he is the sum of his experiences.

To Sum It Up

You are a sum. Everyone is born more or less carte blanche. Everything you listen to (or at least, everything that you listen to that affects you) has the potential to bubble up and appear in your writing. It’s fun listening back to albums I haven’t heard in years and realizing, “Oh! That’s where I got that from!” It’s always a lightbulb, a quick flash, and it allows me to reflect. This reflection helps me keep me grounded. It helps me harken back to my roots, back to music I listened to before my ears matured to the “next thing”.

So, go forth, listen, and compose!

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Continuing Onward

Hey everyone,

I hope, thus far, you’ve all found these lessons to be helpful, easy to understand, not too out there, and beneficial. As of yesterday, I posted the last lesson of the “core curriculum” for this theory blog. I have a few ideas about what I might like to cover in the future, but I would also like your input. If you have a second, please comment below with topics you would like to see covered. I would like to tailor future posts to topic you guys feel most useful a practical to what you want to accomplish. Hopefully we can find a consensus and get going with some interesting things. I might have a few guest posts coming up in the near future, so look out for that. Also, continue submitting music to the Critique Forum, there have been some great compositions- keep it up!

Cheers,

- Rick 


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Music Fundamentals – Lesson 10

 

Ah, the last post in our series of 10. We’ve focused on notes, keys, scales, chords, and reading rhythms. This post, I want to talk about putting some of these elements together. The core of composition comes from the combination of a melody working with the chords, and the progression. Progressions are groups of chords which drive the song forward, creating the necessary tension and release. The most common progression in the western compendium of music is the V-I cadence. V-I is everywhere. From Lil’ Wayne to Mozart, V-I is inescapable. What is V-I? Well…

extreme vi

 

extremem V I example.mp3 Extreme V-I Example

That’s V-I. Its name is derived from the major scale, as C is the I (one) chord of the C major scale, and G is the V (five) chord of the major scale. You’ll notice, both are major triads; however, the V chord, which is G in the key of C, is also known as the dominant chord. the I chord, which is C in the key of C, is also known as the tonic. The relationship of dominant to tonic (V-I!!) has been the driving force in western music since the mid 1600’s. Since that point, the Baroque era, composers have been figuring out ways to delay V-I as long as possible, sometimes through the most elaborate music trickery.

 

In the most simple rock tunes, and in the blues, the way to get to V-I is through the IV (four) chord. In the key of C, that chord is the F major chord. The IV chord is also known as the sub-dominant chord, because it is the scale degree directly below the dominant (hence the sub). You may have heard this type of sound before, especially in the 1950s type of sound:

 

I IV V I

 

I IV V example.mp3 I-IV-V-I Example

This forms the basis for, literally, thousands of tunes, rock, classical, folk, country, jazz, gospel, and many other genres. Where does this harmonic functionality come from? Well, without getting to confusingly in depth (that’s saved for the next theory block), here’s how it plays out on the major scale:

C major example

 

So, I challenge you to write a composition to be uploaded to this lesson’s dedicated session focusing around these three chords to start. If you’re feeling adventurous, you can expand the harmonic vocabulary. The only thing you must to is upload a WRITTEN OUT version of your tune on staff paper in the session, and if you choose, something recorded. You can print free staff paper at www.musictheory.net, or write music online for free at www.noteflight.com

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Music Fundamentals – Lesson 9

Scales #2

We’ve talked about major scales and minor triads, now what about minor scales? Minor scales tend to sound darker when used in composition that major scales, which leaves them pigeon-holed as the “sad” sounding scales. Though this is a generalization, it is a fair assessment of the scales quality, and, historically, minor has been used to convey sadness, tension, and malice. But really, it’s just another compositional color you can use to generate a bit of difference in your compositions.

On to the discussion!

Natural Minor

The natural minor scale is derived from the major scale. You arrive at the natural minor by starting the major scale from the 6th degree. This is also called the relative minor. For example, in C Major the 6th scale degree is A; therefore, the relative minor is A minor. Let’s take a look at the A natural minor scale:

A Natural Minor

 

A natural minor.mp3 A Natural Minor

 

This scale, in half-steps and whole-steps, follows the pattern- WHWWHWW. Notice, the root, third, and fifth of the scale create an A minor triad.

Harmonic Minor

The harmonic minor scale is very close in relation to the natural minor scale, with one important change: the 7th scale degree is raised by one half-step. This creates an augmented second interval (more commonly referred to as a minor third interval), which in turn creates a “leading tone”, a the 7th degree of the scale which wants to resolve to the root. Listen for the leading tone sound in the scale example below:

A Harmonic Minor

 

A harmonic minor.mp3 A Harmonic Minor

 

This scale, in half-steps and whole-steps, follows the pattern- WHWWHH.

Melodic Minor

The melodic minor scale is an oddball. Ascending, it is, essentially, a major scale with a flatted third. Descending, it is the natural minor scale. However, in use, the descending portion is often changed to a harmonic minor, or is disregarded altogether. Jazz musicians have based a large portion of harmonic theory around the eschewing of the descending portion of melodic minor.

A Melodic Minor

 

A Melodic Minor.mp3 A Melodic Minor

This scale, in half-steps and whole-steps, follows the pattern- WHWWWWH. The distinguishing sound of the melodic minor ascending is sequence of 4 whole steps after the first three degrees of the scale (this creates an augmented triad from the flatted third!). 

Listen well to how each of these scales sounds. Though these scales are all minor, they all have unique sounds. Utilizing minor scales will give a feeling of considerable depth to your compositions.

 

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Music Fundamentals – Lesson 8

Building Triads

This post builds on last weeks lesson. Where intervals are comprised of two notes, triads are comprised of three. They are also the first instances of chords that you’ll see. A chord occurs when several notes are played simultaneously.  One of the most basic chord structures is the root position triad.

How to construct a triad

Just like intervals, there are major, minor, augmented, and diminished triads. Each of these triads is constructed differently, and each has a different sound quality.

Let’s start with major

C Major Triad

 

C major.mp3 C Major Triad

This is a C major triad. It is comprised of a root, a third, and a fifth, which are the first, third, and fifth notes of the C Major scale. Notice the intervals between the notes. The first interval, between the root and the third is a major third. The interval between the third and the fifth is a minor third. We’ll use the major triad as the base chord for the following triads in the lesson. Now, onto minor. To create a minor triad, take your major triad and “flat” the third. When you “flat” something, you lower it by a half step.  When we do this to C Major, we get:

C Minor Triad

 

 

C Minor.mp3 C Minor Triad

 

This is a C minor triad. The interval between the root and the third is a minor third, and the interval between the third and the fifth is a major third. Now, how about flatting the fifth as well? If we do that we get:

C Diminished Triad

 

C diminished.mp3 C Diminished Triad

This is called a C diminished triad. This is the “tensest” type of triad because it is comprised of all minor thirds and contains the dissonant tri-tone interval.

There’s one more type of triad which we get by “sharping” the fifth of a major chord. When you “sharp” something, you raise it by a half-step. When we do this, we get:

C Augmented Triad

 

 

C augmented.mp3 C Augmented Triad

This is a C augmented triad. While the diminished triad is  comprised entirely of minor thirds, the augmented triad is comprised of entirely major thirds.

Listen carefully to each audio example and try to get a feel for how each chord sounds. Every chord has its own unique quality, and it’s these qualities which makes the music we listen to exciting. If your goal is to become a complete musician, the ability to pick out these chords by ear is paramount.

Triads, and all other chords, can also be inverted. When you invert a chord, you simply put the notes of the chord in a different order. Triads can be inverted twice. In classical notation, first inversion is denoted by a super-script 6, and second inversion is denoted by a super-script 6/4. Pay careful attention to the sounds of the inversions in the examples below.

C Major Inversions

 

 

C Major inversions.mp3 C Major Triad Inversions

 

C Minor Inversions

 

C Minor Inversiosn.mp3 C Minor Triad Inversions

 

Diminished Inversions

 

C Diminished Inversions.mp3 Diminished Triad Inversions

 

Augmented Triad Inversions

 

C Augmented Inversions.mp3 Augmented Triad Inversions

 

I stress again, listen well to all of the above examples and get a good feel for the sounds of the different triads. Also, do the worksheet!!

Lesson 8 Worksheet

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